Moreover, a model of the laminated plates with SMA particles is presented to predict the dynamic mechanical properties based on the Hashin-Shtrikman's theory. The loss factor of SMA/ER3 composites increases with the increment of SMA particles contents. The storage modulus reaches to the maximum at the SMA phase transform temperature of approximate 120☌. The experimental results show that the addition of just 3.5% of SMA fillers to epoxy resin resulted in increased storage modulus larger than epoxy resin bulk by about four times. Especially, the storage modulus increases remarkably with increasing filler content at higher temperature region. As a result, owing to the addition of SMA particles, the flexural rigidity of SMA/ER3 composites raises.
were fabricated and their mechanical properties were investigated. In this paper, ER3 epoxy resin composites filled with NiTi alloy particles. Combining the properties of SMAs with other materials can create intelligent or smart composites by utilizing the unique properties of SMAs. Shape memory alloys (SMAs) possess both sensing and actuating functions due to their shape memory effect, pseudo-elasticity, high damping capability and other remarkable properties. These findings support the notion that deficits in self-initiated behaviour are a key part of the cognitive basis of apathy symptoms and that altered function in the DLPFC and SMA may be important in the neurobiology of apathy across different neurological disorders. However, using a hypothesis-driven region of interest approach we found significantly reduced activation among apathetic patients in the DLPFC (in both PSP and AD) and in the SMA (in PSP only). Using a conservative whole brain analysis, there were no significant differences in activation associated with self-initated action between apathetic and non-apathetic patients.
These sub-groups were well-matched for important demographic and clinical characteristics and all patients were able to perform the task successfully.Īs expected, healthy volunteers showed increased activation in the DLPFC and SMA during self-initiated compared with cued actions. Patients were defined as apathetic or non-apathetic by a Clinical Global Impression of Apathy, based on the use of established rating scales. 21 patients with Progressive Supranuclear Palsy and 20 patients with Alzheimer's disease provided data for the clinical study. behaviour.Ī new fMRI paradigm, designed to avoid confounding by working memory and to be easy for patients to perform, was first used in a group of 15 healthy volunteers. We aimed to test the hypothesis that apathy in two disorders would be associated with reduced activation in the dorsolateral prefrontal cortex and supplementary motor area during a novel fMRI paradigm specifically examining volitional. Apathy is a neurocognitive syndrome of reduced goal-directed behaviour, which is an important cause of disability in neurodegenerative disorders.
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